Not Very Good. I Hate Going to See My Crazy Family

Type of family unit

A dysfunctional family affects familial ties and creates conflicts in the same family unit infinite.

A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child neglect or abuse on the function of private parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children sometimes abound up in such families with the agreement that such a situation is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a consequence of 2 adults, one typically overtly calumniating and the other codependent, and may besides exist afflicted by substance abuse or other forms of habit, or sometimes by an untreated mental illness. Parents having grown up in a dysfunctional family unit may over-correct or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will corruption or fail their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a child to assume blame.^[1]

Perceptions and historical context [edit]

A common misperception of dysfunctional families is the mistaken conventionalities that the parents are on the verge of separation and divorce. While this is true in a few cases, often the marital satisfaction is very potent as the parents' faults actually complement each other.^[ii] In short, they have nowhere else to go. Nonetheless, this does not necessarily mean the family'southward situation is stable. Any major stressor, such as relocation, unemployment/underemployment, concrete or mental affliction, natural disaster, etc., can cause existing difficulties affecting the children to get much worse.^{[three] [ demand quotation to verify ]}

Dysfunctional families pervade all strata of gild regardless of social, financial or intellectual condition.^{[ citation needed ]} Nevertheless, until recent decades,^{[ timeframe? ]} professionals (therapists, social workers, teachers, counselors, clergy, etc.) did non take the concept of a dysfunctional family seriously , especially non with reference to the middle and upper classes. Any intervention would take been seen^{[ by whom? ]} as violating the sanctity of spousal relationship and increasing the probability of divorce, which was socially unacceptable at the time.^{[ when? ]} Historically, order expected the children of dysfunctional families to obey their parents (ultimately the male parent), and to cope with the state of affairs alone.^{[iv] [ failed verification ] [five] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Examples [edit]

Dysfunctional family members take mutual features and beliefs patterns as a result of their experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional behavior, either through enabling or perpetuation. The family unit unit can be affected past a variety of factors.^[six]

Mutual features [edit]

Nigh universal [edit]

Some features are mutual to nigh dysfunctional families:

• Lack of empathy, understanding, and sensitivity towards certain family members, while expressing extreme empathy or appeasement towards one or more than members who have real or perceived "special needs". In other words, one family fellow member continuously receives far more than they deserve, while some other is marginalized.
• Deprival (refusal to acknowledge abusive behavior, mayhap believing that the state of affairs is normal or fifty-fifty beneficial; also known as the "elephant in the room".)
• Inadequate or missing boundaries for self (e.g. tolerating inappropriate treatment from others, failing to express what is adequate and unacceptable treatment, tolerance of physical, emotional or sexual abuse.)
• Disrespect of others' boundaries (e.g. physical contact that other person dislikes; breaking important promises without just crusade; purposefully violating a purlieus another person has expressed.)
• Extremes in disharmonize (either too much fighting or insufficient peaceful arguing betwixt family unit members.)
• Unequal or unfair treatment of 1 or more family unit members due to their birth society, gender, age, family role (mother, etc.), abilities, race, caste, etc. (may include frequent appeasement of one fellow member at the expense of others, or an uneven/inconsistent enforcement of rules.)

Not universal [edit]

Though not universal among dysfunctional families, and by no ways exclusive to them, the post-obit features are typical of dysfunctional families:

• Abnormally high levels of jealousy or other decision-making behaviors.
• Conflict influenced by marital status:
  • Between separated or divorced parents, usually related to, or arising from their breakup.
  • Conflict between parents who remain married, often for the perceived "sake" of the children, but whose separation or divorce would in fact remove a detrimental influence on those children (must exist evaluated on a case-by-example basis, every bit a breakdown may harm children.)
  • Parents who wish to divorce, merely cannot due to financial, societal (including religious), or legal reasons.
• Children afraid to talk (within or outside the family) about what is happening at domicile, or are otherwise fearful of their parents.
• Abnormal sexual behavior such as adultery, promiscuity, or incest.
• Lack of time spent together, especially in recreational activities and social events ("We never practice annihilation as a family.")
• Parents insist that they treat their children fairly and equitably when that is not the case.
• Family members (including children) who disown each other, or decline to be seen together in public (either unilaterally or bilaterally.)

Specific examples [edit]

In many cases, the post-obit would cause a family to exist dysfunctional:^[7]

• Families with older parents or immigrant parents who cannot cope with changing times or a different civilisation.
• A parent of the same sexual practice never intercedes in father–girl/mother–son relations on behalf of the child.
• Children who accept no contact with the extended family of their mother or father due to disharmony, disagreement, prejudice, feuding, etc.
• A family unit with one or more rebellious children at whom parents are chronically angry, wherein non-rebellious children take to "walk on eggshells" to avoid spillover effects of the parents' acrimony.
• An intense rift, extending across mere disagreement of opinion to personal animosity betwixt family unit members regarding ideology (e.grand. children'due south disagreement with their parents' religious behavior; a family unit member having an abortion while other members sharply object; parents who support their land existence at war, while children do not.)

Laundry List [edit]

The Laundry List is core literature of the plan Adult Children of Alcoholics. It comprises xiv common traits of an adult kid of an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family:

1. We became approval seekers and lost our identity in the procedure.
2. We are frightened by aroused people and any personal criticism.
3. Nosotros either become alcoholics, marry them or both, or find another compulsive personality such as a workaholic to fulfill our sick abandonment needs.
4. We live life from the viewpoint of victims and we are attracted past that weakness in our dear and friendship relationships.
5. We accept an overdeveloped sense of responsibility and it is easier for us to exist concerned with others rather than ourselves; this enables united states of america not to look too closely at our own faults, etc.
6. We get guilt feelings when we stand up upwards for ourselves instead of giving in to others.
7. Nosotros became addicted to excitement.
8. We confuse love and pity and tend to "love" people we tin can "compassion" and "rescue."
9. Nosotros have "stuffed" our feelings from our traumatic childhoods and have lost the ability to feel or express our feelings considering it hurts so much (deprival).
10. We guess ourselves harshly and take a very low sense of cocky-esteem.
11. Nosotros are dependent personalities who are terrified of abandonment and will do anything to concord on to a relationship in gild not to feel painful abandonment feelings, which we received from living with sick people who were never at that place emotionally for u.s.a..
12. Alcoholism is a family illness, and nosotros became para-alcoholics and took on the characteristics of that disease even though we did not option up the beverage.
13. Para-alcoholics are reactors rather than actors.

Parenting [edit]

Unhealthy signs [edit]

Unhealthy parenting signs, which could lead to a family unit becoming dysfunctional include:^[viii]

• Unrealistic expectations
• Ridicule^[9]
• Conditional love^[ix]
• Disrespect;^[ix] especially antipathy.
• Emotional intolerance (family members not allowed to limited the "wrong" emotions.)^[ix]
• Social dysfunction or isolation^[9] (for example, parents unwilling to reach out to other families—particularly those with children of the same gender and approximate age, or do nix to assistance their "friendless" kid.)
• Stifled voice communication (children not allowed to dissent or question potency.)^[nine]
• Denial of an "inner life" (children are not allowed to develop their own value systems.)^[9]
• Being under- or over-protective
• Apathy ("I don't care!")
• Belittling ("You lot tin't do anything correct!")
• Shame ("Shame on you!")
• Bitterness (regardless of what is said, using a bitter tone of voice.)
• Hypocrisy ("Do as I say, non as I do.")
• Lack of forgiveness for minor misdeeds or accidents
• Judgmental statements or demonization ("You are a liar!")
• Being overly disquisitional and withholding proper praise. (experts say fourscore–xc% praise, and 10–20% constructive criticism is the most salubrious.)^{[x] [eleven]}
• Double standards or giving "mixed messages" by having a dual system of values (i.e. ane set for the exterior earth, another when in private, or teaching divergent values to each child.)
• The absentee parent (seldom available for their child due to work overload, alcohol/drug abuse, gambling, or other addictions.)
• Unfulfilled projects, activities, and promises affecting children ("We'll practise information technology later.")
• Giving to ane child what rightly belongs to another
• Gender prejudice (treats i gender of children fairly; the other unfairly.)
• Discussion and exposure to sexuality: either likewise much, also soon or too little, too late
• Faulty discipline based more on emotions or family politics than on established rules (due east.g., penalty by "surprise".)
• Having an unpredictable emotional land due to substance abuse, personality disorder(south), or stress
• Parents e'er (or never) take their children's side when others report acts of misbehavior, or teachers study problems at school
• Scapegoating (knowingly or recklessly blaming ane child for the misdeeds of some other)
• "Tunnel vision" diagnosis of children'south issues (for instance, a parent may call back their child is either lazy or has learning disabilities after he falls behind in school despite recent absence due to illness.)
• Older siblings given either no or excessive authority over younger siblings with respect to their age difference and level of maturity.
• Frequent withholding of consent ("blessing") for culturally common, lawful, and historic period-advisable activities a kid wants to take part in
• The "know-it-all" (has no need to obtain kid'southward side of the story when accusing, or mind to child'due south opinions on matters which greatly impact them.)
• Regularly forcing children to attend activities for which they are extremely over- or under-qualified (east.g. using a preschool to babysit a typical nine-year-sometime boy, taking a young kid to poker games, etc.)
• Either being a miser ("scrooge") in totality or selectively allowing children'south needs to go unmet (e.g. a male parent will not buy a cycle for his son because he wants to save coin for retirement or "something of import".)
• Disagreements about nature and nurture (parents, often not-biological, arraign mutual problems on child'south heredity, when faulty parenting may be the actual cause.)

Dysfunctional styles^[12] [edit]

"Children every bit pawns" [edit]

One common dysfunctional parental beliefs is a parent's manipulation of a kid in order to achieve some outcome adverse to the other parent'south rights or interests. Examples include exact manipulation such as spreading gossip about the other parent, communicating with the parent through the child (and in the process exposing the child to the risks of the other parent's displeasure with that advice) rather than doing so direct, trying to obtain data through the child (spying), or causing the kid to dislike the other parent, with insufficient or no concern for the damaging effects of the parent'southward beliefs on the kid. While many instances of such manipulation occur in shared custody situations that accept resulted from separation or divorce, it tin can also have place in intact families, where information technology is known equally triangulation.

List of other dysfunctional styles [edit]

• "Using" (destructively narcissistic parents who rule by fearfulness and conditional love.)
• Abusing (parents who use physical violence, or emotionally, or sexually abuse their children.)
• Perfectionist (fixating on society, prestige, power, or perfect appearances, while preventing their child from declining at anything.)
• Dogmatic or cult-like (harsh and inflexible discipline, with children not allowed, within reason, to dissent, question authorization, or develop their own value organization.)
• Inequitable parenting (going to extremes for one kid while continually ignoring the needs of another.)
• Deprivation (control or neglect by withholding dearest, back up, necessities, sympathy, praise, attention, encouragement, supervision, or otherwise putting their children's well-being at run a risk.)
• Abuse amid siblings (parents fail to intervene when a sibling physically or sexually abuses some other sibling.)
• Abandonment (a parent who willfully separates from their children, not wishing any further contact, and in some cases without locating alternative, long-term parenting arrangements, leaving them as orphans.)
• Appeasement (parents who advantage bad behavior—even by their own standards—and inevitably punish some other kid's good behavior in order to maintain the peace and avoid temper tantrums. "Peace at whatsoever price.")
• Loyalty manipulation (giving unearned rewards and lavish attention trying to ensure a favored, yet rebellious kid will be the 1 nearly loyal and well-behaved, while subtly ignoring the wants and needs of their virtually loyal child currently.)
• "Helicopter parenting" (parents who micro-manage their children'southward lives or relationships among siblings—especially minor conflicts.)
• "The deceivers" (well-regarded parents in the community, likely to be involved in some charitable/not-profit works, who abuse or mistreat one or more than of their children.)
• "Public paradigm manager" (sometimes related to above, children warned to not disclose what fights, abuse, or impairment happens at home, or face astringent punishment "Don't tell anyone what goes on in this family".)
• "The paranoid parent" (a parent having persistent and irrational fear accompanied by acrimony and simulated accusations that their child is up to no good or others are plotting harm.)
• "No friends allowed" (parents discourage, prohibit, or interfere with their child from making friends of the same historic period and gender.)
• Role reversal (parents who expect their minor children to take intendance of them instead.)
• "Non your business" (children continuously told that a particular blood brother or sister who is frequently causing problems is none of their business.)
• Ultra-egalitarianism (either a much younger kid is permitted to practice whatever an older child may, or an older child must look years until a younger kid is mature enough.)
• "The guard dog" (a parent who blindly attacks family members perceived as causing the slightest upset to their esteemed spouse, partner, or child.)
• "My baby forever" (a parent who will not allow one or more of their young children to grow up and begin taking care of themselves.)
• "The cheerleader" (one parent "cheers on" the other parent who is simultaneously abusing their child.)
• "Forth for the ride" (a reluctant de facto, step, foster, or adoptive parent who does not truly care about their non-biological kid, but must co-be in the same home for the sake of their spouse or partner) (Run across also: Cinderella effect).
• "The politician" (a parent who repeatedly makes or agrees to children'southward promises while having footling to no intention of keeping them.)
• "It'southward taboo" (parents rebuff whatever questions children may have nigh sexuality, pregnancy, romance, puberty, certain areas of homo anatomy, nudity, etc.)
• Identified patient (ane child, usually selected past the mother, who is forced into going to therapy while the family'south overall dysfunction is kept hidden.)
• Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a much more than extreme situation than above, where the child is intentionally fabricated sick by a parent seeking attention from physicians and other professionals.)

Dynamical [edit]

Coalitions are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are idea to be a sign of family dysfunction.^[13]

• The isolated family unit member (either a parent or child up against the residue of the otherwise united family.)
• Parent vs. parent (frequent fights amongst adults, whether married, divorced, or separated, conducted abroad from the children.)
• The polarized family (a parent and ane or more children on each side of the conflict.)
• Parents vs. kids (intergenerational conflict, generation gap or culture shock dysfunction.)
• The balkanized family (named after the 3-fashion state of war in the Balkans where alliances shift back and forth.)
• Complimentary-for-all (a family unit that fights in a "free-for-all" way, though may go polarized when range of possible choices is limited.)

Children [edit]

Unlike divorce, and to a bottom extent, separation, there is oft no record of an "intact" family beingness dysfunctional. As a outcome, friends, relatives, and teachers of such children may be completely unaware of the situation. In addition, a child may be unfairly blamed for the family's dysfunction, and placed under even greater stress than those whose parents separate.

The half dozen bones roles [edit]

Children growing upward in a dysfunctional family have been known to adopt or be assigned 1 or more of the following six basic roles:^{[14] [xv]}

• The Aureate Kid (as well known as the Hero or Superkid ^[xvi]): a kid who becomes a high achiever or overachiever exterior the family unit (e.grand., in academics or athletics) as a means of escaping the dysfunctional family environment, defining themselves independently of their office in the dysfunctional family, currying favor with parents, or shielding themselves from criticism by family members.
• The Problem Kid, Rebel, or Truth Teller:^[17] the child who a) causes well-nigh bug related to the family's dysfunction or b) "acts out" in response to preexisting family dysfunction, in the latter example often in an attempt to divert attending paid to another member who exhibits a pattern of similar misbehavior.
  • A variant of the "problem child" role is the Scapegoat, who is unjustifiably assigned the "problem child" role by others within the family unit or even wrongfully blamed by other family unit members for those members' own individual or collective dysfunction, often despite being the merely emotionally stable member of the family.
• The Flagman: the one who takes responsibleness for the emotional well-being of the family, ofttimes assuming a parental part; the intra-familial analogue of the "Skillful Child"/"Superkid."
• The Lost Child or Passive Kid:^[18] the inconspicuous, introverted, placidity i, whose needs are ordinarily ignored or hidden.
• The Mascot or Family Clown:^[xix] uses comedy to divert attention away from the increasingly dysfunctional family unit system.
• The Mastermind: the opportunist who capitalizes on the other family members' faults to get whatever they want; often the object of appeasement by grown-ups.

Furnishings on children [edit]

Children of dysfunctional families, either at the time, or as they grow older, may also:^[14]

• Lack the ability to be playful, or childlike, and may "grow up as well fast"; conversely they may grow up also slowly, or be in a mixed way (e.m. well-behaved, but unable to intendance for themselves.)
• Accept moderate to severe mental health issues, including possible depression, anxiety,^[20] and suicidal thoughts.
• Get addicted to drugs, including cigarettes or booze, especially if parents or friends have done the same.
• Developing behavioral addictions to such things similar gambling, excessive spending, video games, pornography, or food; the latter often resulting in obesity or/and other physical wellness issues.
• Not bad or harass others, or be an easy victim thereof (possibly taking a dual office in dissimilar settings.)
• Be in denial regarding the severity of the family'due south situation.
• Have mixed feelings of love–detest towards certain family unit members.
• Get a sex offender, possibly including pedophilia.^[21]
• Have difficulty forming healthy relationships inside their peer group (usually due to shyness or a personality disorder.)
• Spend an inordinate amount of time lone watching television, playing video games, surfing the Net, listening to music, going out for late night drives alone, and engaging in other activities which lack in-person social interaction.
• Feel angry, anxious, depressed, isolated from others, or unlovable.
• Take a speech disorder (related to emotional abuse.)^[22]
• Distrust others or even accept paranoia.
• Become a juvenile runaway and turn to a life of crime (with or without dropping out of school), and possibly go a gang member every bit well.
• Struggle academically at school or bookish functioning declines unexpectedly.
• Have depression self-esteem or a poor cocky paradigm with difficulty expressing emotions.
• Do not pay close attending to their own physical or mental health
• May be at risk of self-impairment or suicide.
• Exhibits lack of arrangement in their day to day lives.
• Rebel against parental authority, or conversely, uphold their family's values in the face of peer pressure level, or even try to take an impossible "middle ground" that pleases no one.
• Turning the tables past abusing their abusive elderly parents, upon the onetime reaching machismo.
• Think only of themselves to make up the deviation of their childhoods (as they are nevertheless learning the residuum of self-love.)
• Have niggling self-discipline when parents are non around, such as compulsive spending, procrastinating too shut to deadlines, etc. (unfamiliar, inchoate, and seemingly lax or avoidable real-globe consequences vs. known, concrete, and rigidly imposed parental consequences.)
• Find an (frequently abusive) spouse or partner at a immature age, or run away from home.
• Become meaning or a parent of illegitimate children.
• Be at risk of condign poor or homeless, even if the family is already wealthy or eye-course.
• Live a reclusive lifestyle without whatever spouse, partner, children, or friends.
• Have auto-subversive or potentially cocky-damaging behaviors.
• Join a cult to find the credence they never had at home, or at a minimum, accept differing philosophical or religious beliefs from what they were previously taught.
• Strive (every bit immature adults) to live far away from detail family members or the family as a whole, possibly spending much more fourth dimension with extended family.
• Perpetuate dysfunctional behaviors in other relationships (especially their ain children.)

In popular culture [edit]

• Films near dysfunctional families
• Television series virtually dysfunctional families
  • Blithe television serial about dysfunctional families

See likewise [edit]

• Rotten kid theorem
• Abnormality (beliefs)
• Alcoholism in family unit systems
• Domestic violence
• Family nexus
• Family therapy
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Identified patient
• Karpman Drama Triangle
• Multisystemic therapy (MST)
• Narcissistic parent
• Parental alienation
• Parenting styles
• Psychological manipulation
• Factitious disorder imposed on another

References [edit]

1. ^ Masteller, James; Stoop, David (1991). "The Blame Game". Forgiving Our Parents, Forgiving Ourselves: Healing Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families (revised and updated ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com (published 2011). p. 222. ISBN9781459622937 . Retrieved twenty October 2019. People who grew up in dysfunctional families oft feel that everything that goes incorrect in the world is their fault.
2. ^ Xiang, Shiyuan; Liu, Yan; Lu, Yitian; Bai, Lu; Xu, Shenghan (February 2020). "Exploring the family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 29 (2): 382–391. doi:ten.1007/s10826-019-01644-w. ISSN 1062-1024.
3. ^ Kerr, Michael E.; Bowen, Murray (1988-x-17). Family Evaluation: an arroyo based on Bowen theory. W. Westward. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700565.
4. ^ Millett, Kate (1998). "The Theory of Sexual Politics". In Marsh, Ian; Campbell, Rosie; Keating, Mike (eds.). Classic and Gimmicky Readings in Sociology. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315840154. ISBN978-0582320239. Archived from the original on 2015-05-xix. Retrieved 2015-01-25 .
5. ^ Napier, Nancy J. (April 1990). Recreating Your Self: Help for Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families. ISBN978-0393028423.
6. ^ Kaslow, Florence W. (January 1996). Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and Dysfunctional Family Patterns. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN978-0471080787.
7. ^ Hsieh, Yi-Ping; Shen, Apr Chiung-Tao; Hwa, Hsiao-Lin; Wei, Hsi-Sheng; Feng, Jui-Ying; Huang, Soar Ching-Yu (January 2021). "Associations Between Child Maltreatment, Dysfunctional Family Environment, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Children'southward Bullying Perpetration in a National Representative Sample in Taiwan". Periodical of Family Violence. 36 (i): 27–36. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00144-6. ISSN 0885-7482.
8. ^ Blair, Justice; Blair, Rita (April 1990). The Abusing Family (Revised ed.). Insight Books. ISBN978-0306434419.
9. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g} Neuharth, Dan (1999). If You Had Controlling Parents: How to Make Peace with Your Past and Take Your Place in the World. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN978-0788193835.
10. ^ "Praise, encouragement and rewards". Raising Children Network. 2011-04-x. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28.
11. ^ [9] https://world wide web.lifehack.org/350678/13-signs-toxic-parent-that-many-people-dont-realize
12. ^ Kagan, Richard; Schlosberg, Shirley (1989-03-17). Families in Perpetual Crisis. Westward. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700664.
13. ^ Whiteman, Shawn D.; McHale, Susan 1000.; Soli, Anna."Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships" Archived 2017-eleven-fifteen at the Wayback Auto, J Fam Theory Rev., 2012 Jun 1; Vol. iii, No. ii, pp. 124–139, PMC 3127252.
14. ^ ^{a b} Forgiving Our Parents: For Adult Children from Dysfunctional Families by Dwight Lee Wolter c. 1995.^{[ full citation needed ]} Except where individually noted
15. ^ Polson, Beth; Newton, Miller (1984). Not My Kid: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs. Arbor Books / Kids of Northward Jersey Nurses. ISBN978-0877956334.
16. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 81–84
17. ^ [Polson and Newton, pp. 84–85]
18. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 86–90
19. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 85–86
20. ^ "Good parents 'buffer' their kids' minds". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-13 .
21. ^ Glasser, M.; Kolvin, I.; Campbell, D.; Glasser, A.; Leitch, I.; Farrelly, S. (December 2001). "Cycle of child sexual abuse: Links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 482–494. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.vi.482. PMID 11731348.
22. ^ "Child Abuse". Long Embankment Fire Department Preparation Centre. 2009-09-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31.

Further reading [edit]

• Lundy Bancroft, "Why Does He Do That? Within the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men" 2002 Berkley Books, ISBN 0-399-14844-2
• John Bradshaw, Healing the Shame That Binds You
• John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Healing Your Inner Child
• John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family
• Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, The Narcissistic Family. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Beth Polson and Miller Newton, Not My Child: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs, Arbor Books / Kids of North Jersey Nurses, 1984, ISBN 978-0877956334,
• Charles L. Whitfield, Healing the Child Within: Discovery and Recovery for Developed Children of Dysfunctional Families

External links [edit]

lundyevens1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family

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